Police are Lobbying for State Anti-Protest Bills
Police are Lobbying for State Anti-Protest Bills
Police officers, unions and lobbyists are supporting a trend of political backlash to racial justice advocates in at least 13 states this year.
This post was updated on November 2, 2022 - see bottom of page for details.
Police officers, unions and lobbyists supported one or more anti-protest bills introduced in at least 13 states, since June 1, 2020.
Legislators who are current or former law enforcement officers sponsored anti-protest bills in at least 19 states.
State chapters of the Fraternal Order of Police (FOP)—a national police union—have supported bills in seven states (AZ, IA, ID, IN, KY, MO, OH). This includes bills that give immunity to drivers who injure or even kill people with their cars at protests or assemblies that police declare “unlawful.” (Florida HB 1, Iowa SF 342, Missouri SB 66).
Legislators affiliated with the FOP union sponsored bills in three additional states (AL, GA, OK).
These figures are probably underestimates, due to lack of lobbying disclosure in many states, and dissimilar reporting requirements.
June, 2020 was used as a starting point because it corresponds with nationwide protests following the murder of George Floyd. But this legislative trend pre-dates 2020, as the International Center for Not-For-Profit Law (ICNL) has tracked.
As the Washington Post reported, a report by PEN America identified “at least 100 proposals in 33 states” from June 1, 2020 through May 15, 2021.
Reporting by The Intercept, Salon, and the Center for Public Integrity have more context on the support of law enforcement officers and unions for recent anti-protest bills.
My 2022 op-ed in the Nonprofit Quarterly contains more recent information, including newer bills and lobbying disclosures that I published in collaboration with the Center for Media and Democracy’s Anti Protest Lobby Tracker.
Campaign Finance:
Data published as part of a Greenpeace USA report found that sponsors of anti-protest legislation in many states received $343,602 from political action committees of police and corrections officer organizations and unions, in the 2019-2020 election cycle.
The Greenpeace report identified top corporate contributors to the sponsors of state anti-protest legislation, with AT&T, Koch Industries, Comcast, Berkshire Hathaway, and Duke Energy taking the top five spots.
(Disclosure: I contributed research to this report).
Police supported one or more bills in 13+ states:
Arizona
Arkansas - law passed.
Connecticut
Florida - law passed.
Iowa - law passed.
Idaho
Indiana - law passed.
Kentucky
Missouri
Nebraska
Ohio
Texas - law passed
Wisconsin
Full details below.
Legislators with law enforcement background sponsored one or more bills in 19+ states
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas - law passed.
Connecticut
Florida - law passed.
Georgia
Iowa - law passed.
Indiana - law passed.
Minnesota
North Carolina
North Dakota
Nevada
New York
Ohio
Oklahoma - law passed.
Rhode Island
Tennessee - law passed.
Washington
Wisconsin
Full details below.
Police Support for Bills, by State
Most of the bill descriptions below quote the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL) Protest Law Tracker. ICNL has more detailed descriptions of each bill.
Alabama
AL HB 445
Expanded definition of "riot," "incitement to riot," and new penalties for protesters who block traffic (ICNL)
Status: indefinitely postponed on May 5. Session adjourned on May 17.
Supported by: unknown
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Allen Treadaway (primary) is a retired Birmingham assistant police chief (Essence)
Russell Bedsole (co-sponsor) worked as a captain in the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office
Allen Farley (co-sponsor) professional experience is in law enforcement and includes working for the Bessemer Police Department and the Jefferson County Sheriff's Office. He graduated from the FBI National Academy in 2004.
Mac McCutcheon (co-sponsor) worked for the Huntsville Police Department. He has been a member of the Alabama Peace Officers and the Fraternal Order of Police.
Phillip Pettus (co-sponsor) was an Alabama state trooper for 25 years
Rex Reynolds (co-sponsor) worked in the Huntsville Department of Public Safety
Proncey Robertson (co-sponsor) worked in the Decatur Police Department
David Standridge (co-sponsor) is a retired captain in the Blount County Sheriff's Department.
Shane Stringer (co-sponsor) served as the Satsuma Police Chief
Arizona
AZ HB 2309
New penalties for “violent or disorderly assembly” and for protesters who block traffic or "deface" monuments (ICNL)
Status: approved by House, bill has awaited Senate action since April 20. Legislature adjourned on May 30. Special legislative session begins on June 10.
Fraternal Order of Police, AZ State Lodge
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Bret Roberts (primary) served as detention officer for the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office
Joseph Chaplik (co-sponsor) volunteered with the Maricopa County Sheriffs Memorial Fund and is a member of the US Marshals Posse
John Kavanaugh (co-sponsor) was a police officer for 20 years, in New York and New Jersey.
Mark Finchem (co-sponsor) worked for the Kalamazoo Department of Public Safety for 21 years. He was affiliated with the Oath Keepers.
Arkansas
AR HB 1508 - LAW
New penalties for protesters on state property and those who disturb official meetings (ICNL)
Status: Law. Signed by governor on April 14.
Supported by...:
Sponsor Rep. Brown says the bill had the “endorsement, no objections of, approval of”..:
“Secretary [Jami] Cook of the Arkansas Department of Public Safety”
“the Sheriffs Association”
Arkansas Chiefs of Police
Attorney General’s Office
(April 15 House Judiciary committee meeting, 11:30:53)
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Keith Slape (co-sponsor) was the elected Sheriff of Newton County for six terms. Slape is a former president of the Arkansas Sheriffs Association
Jim Wooten (co-sponsor) served as a state trooper for the State of Arkansas
Danny Watson (co-sponsor) served the Hope Police Department and Arkansas Highway Police from 1985 to 1999.
Connecticut:
CT HB 6455
New penalty for protests that disturb the legislature (ICNL)
Status: in House committee, last action was April 15. Session ends June 9.
Council 4, AFSCME, representing “2,000 municipal police officers”
CT Police Chiefs Association
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Senator Saud Anwar (co-sponsor) has consulted for the FBI’s Multi-Cultural Advisory Committee
Florida
FL HB 1 - LAW
Expanded definition of “riot” and new penalties for protesters (ICNL)
As reported by the Orlando Sentinel, the law “grants civil legal immunity to people who drive through protesters blocking a road.”
Status: Law. Signed by governor on April 19, at the Polk County Sheriffs Office)
Supported by:
Florida Sheriffs Association
(see HB 1 lobbying records; Florida Politics; Gov. Ron DeSantis press release)
Florida Police Chiefs Association
Florida Smart Justice Alliance lobbyist Barney Bishop, former president of Associated Industries of Florida (AIF). Bishop has done business with companies and groups in private prison-related industries
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Chuck Brannan (co-sponsor) worked as a Chief Investigator with the Baker County Sheriff's Office
Georgia
GA SB 171
Restrictive permitting requirements, and heightened penalties for “unlawful assembly," blocking traffic, and defacing property (ICNL)
Status: dead, session ended March 11.
Supported by: unknown
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Randy Robertson (primary) founded Perfect Policing, LLC; served as the Director of Homeland Security in Columbus, GA; served in the Muscogee County Sheriff's Office; served as the president of the Fraternal Order of Police, Georgia State Lodge.
Chuck Payne (primary) worked as a juvenile probation and parole officer at the Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice.
Iowa
IA SF 342 - LAW
Heightened Penalties for Protesters Convicted of "Riot," "Unlawful Assembly," or Blocking Traffic, and Immunity for Drivers Who Injure Them (ICNL)
Amended omnibus package includes new misdemeanor penalties for blocking roadways and participating in unlawful assemblies, class D felonies for being present during a “riot,” provisions related to qualified immunity, police salaries, restricting disciplinary options for police misconduct, and many other provisions.
As approved by the Iowa House in mid-April, the Iowa Gazette reported that SF 342 would “offer qualified immunity to law enforcement, protect drivers who run into protesters blocking a highway from civil liability, withhold state funds from communities that defund the police and add or increase penalties for a variety of crimes.”
Status: Law. Signed by Governor on June 17 while “surrounded by police officers.”
Iowa Peace Officers Association
Iowa State Police Association
Iowa Fraternal Order of Police
Iowa State Patrol Supervisors Association
Iowa State Sheriffs' & Deputies' Association
Teamsters Local 238
Undecided position, after initial support:
Iowa Police Chief Association (withdrew support on April 15, re-registered as undecided)
IA HF 698
Predecessor to SF 342 omnibus package, above.
Iowa State Sheriffs' & Deputies' Association
Iowa Police Chief Association
Undecided positions:
Iowa State Police Association
Iowa Peace Officers Association
IA SF 6
Predecessor to SF 342 omnibus package, above.
Iowa Police Chief Association
Undecided positions:
Iowa State Sheriffs' & Deputies' Association
Iowa State Police Association
Iowa Peace Officers Association
State Police Officers Council
Iowa Dept. of Corrections
IA HF 430
Formerly HSB 142.
Heightened penalties for protesters who block streets and sidewalks (ICNL)
Status: re-referred to committee on April 15, after stalling. Session extended past May 12.
Iowa State Sheriffs' & Deputies' Association
Undecided positions:
Iowa Police Chiefs Association
Iowa Peace Officers Association
IA SF 534
Heightened penalties for protesters convicted of "riot," "unlawful assembly," or blocking traffic, and immunity for drivers who injure them (ICNL)
Formerly SF 497.
Status: Amendment filed on March 25. Session extended past May 12.
Supported by: no registered supporters.
Undecided positions:
Iowa State Sheriffs' & Deputies' Association
Iowa State Police Association
Iowa Dept. of Public Safety
State Police Officers Council
Iowa Dept. of Corrections
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Senator Dan Dawson (primary co-sponsor of initial bill, SF 497) worked in the Pottawattamie County Sheriff’s Office and the Council Bluffs Police Department
Idaho
ID HB 195
Attempt to increase penalties for protests near private homes, in reaction to a protest outside the home of the primary sponsor. (Associated Press and Idaho Press.)
Status: defeated in House. Session ended April 30.
Supported by:
Idaho Sheriffs Association
Idaho Fraternal Order of Police
"Chiefs of Police, ID Prosecuting Attorneys Association, ID Sheriffs Association, and the Fraternal Order of Police" (KTVB)
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Greg Chaney (co-sponsor) worked with Nampa Police Department
Indiana
IN SB 187 - LAW
Focused on damage to monuments, amended to include new penalties for “riot” if the offense results in property damage or injury
Status: Law. Signed by governor on April 22.
Supported by:
Indiana Fraternal Order of Police, via RBK Legal Group's Ed Merchant (35:20)
Indiana Prosecuting Attorneys Council, Dave Powell (23:30)
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Jack Sandlin (primary) worked in the Indianapolis Police Department for over 20 cumulative years
IN SB 198
New misdemeanors for “financing an unlawful assembly” (ICNL)
Status: died with close of legislative session on April 29.
Supported by:
Indiana Fraternal Order of Police, via RKB Legal Group's Ed Merchant (1:50:28)
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Aaron Freeman (co-sponsor) was a reserve deputy sheriff and Marion County deputy prosecutor.
Jack Sandlin (primary) worked in the Indianapolis Police Department for over 20 years
Kentucky
KY SB 211
Mandatory minimum penalties for numerous offenses associated with protests, and a ban on “camping” on state property (ICNL)
Status: died when legislative session ended on March 31.
Supported by:
Kentucky Fraternal Order of Police Chaplain Ryan Straw (43:38)
Minnesota
MN SF 1285
New penalties for protesters who block traffic (ICNL)
Status: died, no hearings. Session ends May 17.
Supported by: unknown
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Bill Ingebrigtsen (primary) worked as a sheriff
MN HF 1967
New penalties for protesters who block traffic (ICNL)
Status: died, no hearings. Session ends May 17.
Supported by: unknown
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Paul Novotny (primary) worked as a police officer in Princeton, and was a deputy in the Sherburne County Sheriff's Office
Brian Johnson (primary) graduated from Hibbing Area Vocational Technical Institute with an A.A.S. in law enforcement
Missouri
MO SB 26 (replaced by a substitute bill)
Heightened penalties for blocking roads (ICNL).
Status: Dead.
SB 26 was replaced with a substitute bill in a joint House & Senate conference committee on May 13.
As noted by ICNL, “This bill received later amendments that removed entirely the provisions related to ‘unlawful traffic interference’.”
The info on police support—below—corresponds with the original version of the bill, which included new penalties for blocking roads.
St. Louis Police Officers Association
Columbia Police Officers Association
The bill was also supported by lobbyist Mark Bruns of Bruns & Associates, whose 2021 lobbying clients included the Kansas Fraternal Order of Police, Missouri Fraternal Order of Police, and St. Louis Police Officers Association
MO SB 66
New penalties for protesters, and shields for those who commit violence against them (ICNL)
Status: died when the legislative session ended.
Missouri Fraternal Order of Police
St. Louis Police Officers Association
Kansas City Fraternal Order of Police (Associated Press)
North Carolina
NC HB 805
Heightened penalties for “riot” and related offenses (ICNL)
Status: passed out of House, referred to Senate Rules and Operations committee on May 11. Session ends July 30.
Supported by:
State Rep. Charles Miller, speaking from his experience as deputy chief of the Brunswick County sheriff's office.
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Charles Miller (primary) is an active deputy chief of the Brunswick County sheriff's office
Allen McNeill (primary) worked in the Randolph County Sheriff's Office
Mike Clampitt (co-sponsor) worked as the House Sergeant at Arms
John Faircloth (co-sponsor) worked as chief of police in multiple departments
Dudley Greene (co-sponsor) was a sheriff of McDowell County and chief deputy with the Avery County Sheriff's Office.
Carson Smith (co-sponsor) was sheriff of Pender County
NC SB 300
Heightened Penalties for “riot” (ICNL)
Status: Law. Signed by governor on 9/2/2021.
Supported by…:
According to the North Carolina Association of Chiefs of Police (emphasis added) on May 10:
Several groups put forward reform recommendations late last year, including NCACP, the N.C. Sheriffs Association… […] SB 300 incorporates many of these recommendations and is the most comprehensive bill on these subjects. The bill’s primary sponsor, Sen. Danny Britt, consulted with these stakeholders in the current formulation of the bill, and the current version is supported by NCACP, the N.C. Sheriffs Association, and the N.C. Conferences of District Attorneys.
According to the John Locke Foundation’s Carolina Journal on May 11:
“We’ve worked closely with the Police Chiefs’ Association, the Police Benevolence Association, the Sheriffs’ Association, the Conference of DAs, the ACLU, the North Carolina Justice Center, the John Locke Foundation, and Americans for Prosperity,” said Sen. Danny Britt, R-Columbus, a primary sponsor of the measure. “They have all had input into the bill. We’ve worked to have a pretty general consensus on this and it only took us 40 versions and about 10 amendments to get here, but we’ve got us in a good place.”
According to FOX 8,
“Senate Bill 300 has been in the works since the beginning of this week and Britt says will continue to get tweaked with help from the Sheriff’s Association and the Benevolent Association.”
NC H 333
New penalties for campus protesters (ICNL)
Status: died after not advancing before bill crossover day. Session ends July 30.
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Dudley Greene (co-sponsor) was the sheriff of the McDowell County Sheriff's Office, the chief detective/chief deputy with the Avery County Sheriff's Office, and an agent with North Carolina Alcohol Law Enforcement
Allen McNeill (co-sponsor) worked for the Randolph County Sheriff's Office
Carson Smith (co-sponsor) served as Emergency Management Director for Pender county, before becoming a sheriff in 2002.
North Dakota
ND HB 1240
Restitution penalty for offenses related to “riot” (ICNL)
Status: died when session ended on April 28.
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Pat Heinert (primary) was sheriff in Burleigh County, North Dakota for 12 years
Nebraska
NE LB 111
Broad new penalties for “riot”-related offenses and disruptive protests (ICNL)
Status: in committee since early January, session ends June 10.
Supported by:
Robin Calcara, Lincoln's police chaplain (Lincoln Journal-Star)
Omaha Police Officers Association (Omaha World-Herald)
Nevada
NV AB 168
New felony penalties for unlawful protests and protests that block traffic, as well as penalties for protest funders and organizers (ICNL)
Status: dead, did not advance in committee. Session ends June 1.
Supported by: unknown
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Philip P.K. O'Neill (primary) worked as a division chief with the Nevada Department of Public Safety and as a consultant with the International Association of Chiefs of Police and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, among other affiliations
New York
NY A 5121 / S 04989
Heightened penalties for “incitement to riot” (ICNL)
Status: stalled in committee since Feb, no session adjourn date
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Michael Reilly (primary) was an officer with the New York City Police Department
NY A 11069 / S 08974
Heightened penalties for riot and incitement to riot (ICNL)
Status: stalled in committee since 2020, no session adjourn date.
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Fred Akshar (co-sponsor) worked in law enforcement for 15 years, at the Chenango County Sheriff's Office and the Broome County Sheriff's Office.
Ohio
OH HB 109
Heightened penalties for blocking traffic and other conduct during protests, and new liability for organizations involved in protests (ICNL)
Status: heard in committee on April 22. No session adjourn date.
Fraternal Order of Police of Ohio
Ohio Fire Chiefs' Association
Ohio Prosecuting Attorneys Association
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Cindy Abrams (primary) was a police officer in the Cincinnati Police Department
Sharon Ray (co-sponsor) worked as a bailiff, and probation officer, with Wadsworth Municipal Court
OH HB 22
New Penalties For Protesters Who "Taunt" Police (ICNL)
Status: 4th hearing took place in House Criminal Justice committee on April 22.
Buckeye State Sheriffs' Association
Columbus Division of Police
Fraternal Order of Police of Ohio
Ohio Prosecuting Attorneys Association
Ohio State Highway Patrol
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Jeff LaRe (primary) has a background in law enforcement
Cindy Abrams (co-sponsor) was a police officer in the Cincinnati Police Department
Gary Click (co-sponsor) was previously a chaplain for law enforcement
OH SB 41
Charging protesters for the cost of property damage and the cost of law enforcement to respond to a protest (ICNL)
Status: heard in committee on Mar 2. No session adjourn date.
Ohio Prosecuting Attorneys Association
OH SB 16 (language heavily amended on June 2)
New penalties for protesters who block traffic, and for protest funders and organizers (ICNL). This description does not reflect amendments made
Status: Approved by Senate on June 2 after amendments removed some of the more controversial language. Referred to House on June 7. No session adjourn date.
Bellefontaine Chief of Police
Buckeye State Sheriff’s Association (see Sen. Schaffer’s Feb 2. sponsor testimony)
Fraternal Order of Police of Ohio
Ohio Association of Chiefs of Police
Ohio Prosecuting Attorneys Association
Police and Fire Retirees of Ohio
Troopers for a Safe Ohio (see Sen. Schaffer’s Feb 2. sponsor testimony)
Note: the groups above all supported the original language in SB 16, before the Senate amendments were made.
Oklahoma
OK HB 1674 - LAW
Penalties for protesters who block traffic, immunity for drivers who hit protesters, and liability for organizations that work with protesters (ICNL)
Status: Law. Signed by governor on April 21.
Supported by: unknown
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Justin Humphrey (co-sponsor) served as vice president of his local chapter of the Fraternal Order of Police
OK HB 1822
Restrictions on protests near the state capitol (ICNL)
Status: dead, vote failed, motion expired Apr 22. Session ends May 28.
Supported by: unknown
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Darrell Weaver (primary) served 28 years in law enforcement, including nine years as Director of the Oklahoma Bureau of Narcotics.
Rhode Island
RI SB 404
Mandatory penalties for protesters who block traffic (ICNL)
Status: Committee recommended measure be held for further study on Apr 8. No session adjourn date.
Supported by: unknown
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Elaine Morgan (primary) was elected Hopkinton Town Sergeant for three terms
Tennessee
TN HB 8005 / SB 8005 - LAW
Heightened penalties for “inconvenient” protests and protest camps on state property (ICNL)
Status: Law. Signed by governor on August 20.
Supported by: unknown
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
William Lamberth (primary) was Assistant District Attorney for Sumner County
Bud Hulsey (co-sponsor) is a former police officer
Clay Doggett (co-sponsor) worked as a correctional officer and a sheriff's deputy
TN SB 0843 / HB 0513
Heightened penalties for protesters who block sidewalks and streets (ICNL)
Status: deferred for summer study on May 4. Session ended May 6.
Supported by: unknown
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
William Lamberth (co-sponsor) was Assistant District Attorney for Sumner County
Texas
TX HB 9 - LAW
Felony penalties for anyone who “prevents the passage of an authorized emergency vehicle…that is operating the vehicle ’s emergency audible or visual signal.”
The bill was framed as an effort to keep a pathway clear for ambulances—an obvious and vital emergency priority (See Texas Tribune and Austin American-Statesman.).
Unfortunately, the new law might encourage police to arrest and charge people with felonies and ten-day minimum jail sentences for blocking police vehicles after they arbitrarily turn on lights or sirens.
Status: Law. Signed by governor on June 1.
Houston Police Officers Union
Dallas Police Association
Texas Municipal Police Association
Game Warden Peace Officer Association
TX SB 912
New restitution penalty for those convicted of a “riot” (ICNL)
Status: Did not pass before legislative session ended on May 31. Special legislative session is expected in the summer of 2021, unknown if this bill will be re-considered.
Supported by:
Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas (CLEAT)
Dallas Police Association
Game Warden Peace Officers Association
Houston Police Officers' Union
San Antonio Police Department
San Antonio Police Officers Association
Sheriffs Association of Texas
Texas Municipal Police Association
Texas Police Chiefs Association
(May 5 House Homeland Security and Public Safety committee hearing)
(April 19 Senate State Affairs committee hearing)
Washington
WA SB 5310
Steep penalties for protesters who block traffic, for protest organizers, and an expansive new “riot” offense (ICNL)
Status: died when session ended on April 25.
Supported by: unknown
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Jeff Holy (primary) was a police officer with the Spokane Police Department
Wisconsin
SB 296
Broad new definition of “riot” (ICNL)
Status: Introduced and referred to committee on April 8. No session adjourn date.
Badger State Sheriffs’ Association
Wisconsin Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs Association
Wisconsin Professional Police Association
Sponsors affiliated with Law Enforcement:
Van H. Wanggaard (primary) worked for the Racine Police Department, was security officer of Racine Unified School District, was a member of the Racine Junior Deputy Sheriffs Association, and other affiliations.
Jesse L. James (co-sponsor) is a former police officer.
This post will be updated as more information becomes available.
Thanks to the Piper Fund for compensating me for this research!
UPDATE NOTES:
November 2, 2022: I updated NC SB 300 to reflect it was signed by the governor.
July 5, 2022: I added a link to my op-ed in the Nonprofit Quarterly.
August 16, 2021: I added information from public records related to Missouri SB 26.
May 10, 2021: I added information from a report published by Greenpeace USA, and a sentence on police support for hit-and-run immunity bills in IA & MO.
May 11, 2021: I added a link an article in The Intercept by Alleen Brown, which featured research from this post
May 12, 2021: I added info on Florida Sheriffs Association, and the hit & run immunity provision in Florida’s HB 1.
May 24, 2021: I added info on Texas SB 912. I updated the status of bills in Alabama, Iowa, Missouri, North Carolina, and Ohio. I updated the image to include Texas.
May 27, 2021: I added two more police groups supporting Ohio SB 16, as disclosed in state Senator Tim Schaffer’s testimony on Feb. 2.
June 7, 2021: I added Ohio HB 22, an update on the changes to Ohio SB 16, updates based on the adjournment of legislative sessions in Arizona and Texas, a status update on Iowa SF 243, and a link to the Salon article by Jon Skolnik.
June 21, 2021: I updated details on Iowa SF 342, after it was signed by Gov. Reynolds.
July 8, 2021: I updated the image to reflect the law passed in Iowa.
Nov. 19, 2021: I added Wisconsin Professional Police Association to the section on Wisconsin SB 296
Dec. 20, 2021: I added a link to Carrie Levine’s article in the Center for Public Integrity. The article was also published in Indian Country Today, HuffPost, and Yahoo.